The Educational Research journal (ERJ) is the official publication of the Hong Kong Education Research Association. It is jointly published by the Association and the Hong Kong Institute of Educational Research (HKIER) biannually in summer and winter. The ERJ publishes original contributions on area of education of particular interest to educators and teachers in schools, colleges, universities, and other academic and applied settings. It gives special attention to articles reporting the results of empirical studies, theoretical articles, metrological innovations, topical reviews of policies. The Journal also emphasizes the promotion of educational research with findings bearing on issues relevant to Hong Kong and other Chinese societies.